1/16/2024 0 Comments Hepatitis a transmission rate![]() The identification of a hepatitis A geotemporal cluster or increase in incidence can be an early signal of an outbreak and should prompt further investigation. The proportion of cases reporting specific risk behaviors or exposures should be determined to monitor disease transmission patterns. Hepatitis A surveillance data should be analyzed at a minimum of weekly by person, place, and time to monitor disease incidence. Monitoring trends in disease incidence and determining risk behaviors or exposures. ![]() Hepatitis A surveillance data can be used to inform and improve public health interventions in the following ways: Given that current systems for surveillance differ by jurisdiction, the standards outlined in this document are designed to provide models for best practices based on jurisdictional resources, recognizing that not every jurisdiction is able to meet those standards with available resources. Information about reporting requirements, collection of relevant laboratory data, and case investigation is provided. The purpose of this section is to provide jurisdictional guidance to implement and improve hepatitis A surveillance. The incidence rate of hepatitis A was 3.8 cases per 100,000 population in 2018, a nearly ten-fold increase from the reported incidence rate of 0.4 cases per 100,000 population in 2014 ( 3). In 2018, a total of 12,474 hepatitis A cases were reported to CDC, with 24,900 estimated infections (95% confidence interval : 17,500–27,400) after adjusting for case under-ascertainment and underreporting ( 3). During 2016–2018, approximately 15,000 hepatitis A cases were reported to CDC, representing a 294% increase compared with 2013–2015 ( 38). A study published in 2020 showed that approximately three-fourths of US-born adults ≥20 years of age were susceptible to hepatitis A during 2007–2016 ( 37). Increases in hepatitis A have also been reported among MSM ( 36). ![]() However, the incidence rate of hepatitis A has increased since 2016 due to widespread person-to-person outbreaks, primarily among PWUD and people experiencing homelessness ( 36). With the widespread adoption of the universal childhood vaccination recommendations in 2006, the overall incidence rate of hepatitis A decreased by 95% across all age groups from 1995 through 2014 ( 3, 33). ![]() Prior to vaccine licensure and use, the number of reported hepatitis A cases was around 21,000 annually, and infections were common among children ( 34, 35). The United States is considered a low endemicity country with most infections occurring among adults reporting risk behaviors or exposures such as SUD, homelessness, sexual practices resulting in fecal-oral contact, and international travel to hepatitis A-endemic countries ( 3, 32).Ī safe and effective hepatitis A vaccine was licensed in 1995 ( 33). Hepatitis A is an acute illness and does not result in chronic disease. Clinical symptoms are indistinguishable from acute hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Hepatitis A is typically a self-limited disease caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV), primarily transmitted fecal-orally after close contact with an infected person or consumption of contaminated food or water ( 31).
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